exam questions listing

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) au point que
B) même si
C) à condition que
D) tandis que
E) en attendant que

A) to the point that
B) even if
C) provided that
D) while
E) until
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) mettent à jour
B) mettent en avant
C) prennent conscience de
D) font attention à
E) font face à

A) update
B) put forward
C) become aware of
D) pay attention to
E) face
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) quant à
B) grâce à
C) depuis
D) lors d’
E) malgré

A) as to
B) thanks to
C) since
D) when
E) despite
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) à cause des
B) à l'égard des
C) à l’insu des
D) en raison des
E) à défaut des

A) because of the
B) with respect to
C) without the knowledge of
D) because of
E) in the absence of
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) si bien que
B) étant donné que
C) tant que
D) même si
E) pour que


A) so that
B) since
C) as long as
D) even if
E) so that
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) pour qu ’
B) parce qu’
D) malgré qu’
C) pourvu qu’
E) jusqu’à ce qu’

A) for
B) because
D) despite
C) provided that
E) until
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) De peur que
B) Sous prétexte que
C) À mesure que
D) À condition que
E) Quoique

A) For fear that
B) Under the pretext that
C) As
D) Provided that
E) Even though
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A) Faute de
B) À moins de
C) Plutôt que de
D) Au lieu de
E) Au bord de

A) For lack of
B) Less than
C) Rather than
D) Instead of
E) At the edge of
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

cette ce ces

• Enkelvoud + zelfstandig naamwoord (deze, die, dat, dit)

Mannelijk
Ce, (cet + klinker) ce livre, cet arbre

nm l'arbre
cet + klinker)
cet arbre   

nm le livre
ce livre

ces livres
ces arbres

Vrouwelijk
Ces tables, ces écoles

nf  la table
cette école

nf l'école
cette école

Het aanwijzend voornaamwoord

imparfait vs passé simple

The passé simple is used almost exclusively in literary narrative and is used in a similar way as the passé composé would be used in everyday French, to express actions that occurred at a given moment in time.
The passé simple is used almost exclusively in literary narrative and is used in a similar way as the passé composé would be used in everyday French, to express actions that occurred at a given moment in time.

Elle a ouvert la porte: She opened the door (passé composé): describing a single action that someone did at some point in time, not continuous, not repeated at any regular interval.

Elle ouvrit la porte: She opened the door (passé simple): also describing a single action, except you would only see this in literary narrative and never in spoken French.

Elle ouvrait la porte: She opened/was opening/used to open the door (imparfait): more context would probably be needed to figure out what is actually being said, but it could imply that something happening WHILE the action was going on or that it was a habitual action done at regular intervals.

https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-difference-between-pass%C3%A9-simple-and-imparfait-in-French 

 

adverbs

néanmoins adv (pourtant) nevertheless, nonetheless, however adv
Cette séparation est difficile, néanmoins elle est nécessaire.

donc adv (avec valeur de renforcement) so adv,but adv,then adv
Pourquoi donc a-t-il fait ça ?
So why did he do it?
But why did he do it?
Why did he do it then?

puis adv (et ensuite) then adv
Il devient pâle puis perd connaissance.
He turns pale then loses consciousness.

depuis adv (à partir d'un moment passé) since adv
Il a vendu sa maison et je ne l'ai pas revu depuis.
He sold his house and I haven't seen him since.

aussi adv (également) too adv,also adv,as well adv
Il partira demain, moi aussi.
  He's going tomorrow, and I am too.

aussi adv (en plus) also adv,too adv,as well adv
Charles Dickens a écrit de Grandes Espérances et aussi Oliver Twist. Il y avait des tigres et aussi des éléphants.
Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations and also Oliver Twist.There were tigers and elephants too.

aussi … que adv (comparaison : autant que) as ... as adv, just as ... as adv,equally adv
Elle est aussi jolie que sa sœur. Mon petit frère court aussi vite que moi.
  She is as pretty as her sister.
  My little brother runs just as fast as me.
  She and her sister are equally pretty. My little brother and I run equally fast.

• Adverbs and expressions of time, frequency, and location

1. demain / demain soir 2. la semaine prochaine / la semaine prochaine 3. aujourd’hui / aujourd’hui
4. tous les jours / tous les deux jours 5. tard 6. souvent / rarement 7. parfois / jamais 8. en ce
moment / en ce moment 9. la semaine prochaine / après-demain 10. hier / avant-hie

prepositions

qui que ce soit whosoever, whomsoever
qui que whoever
quoi que whatever


pendant prép (durant tout le temps) during prep,for prep,through prep
Il a dormi pendant toute la nuit.
He slept the whole night through.

depuis prép (à partir d'un événement passé)  (from a particular time) since prep,  (over a span of time) for prep
J'apprends l'anglais depuis 2 ans. J'apprends l'anglais depuis 2011.
I've been learning English for two years.I've been learning English since 2011.

depuis prép (à partir d'un lieu) from prep
Je vous écris depuis Paris.
I'm writing to you from Paris.

depuis prep (point d'origine de) (everything) from
Cette enseigne vend depuis les clous jusqu'aux bétonnières.
This chain sells everything from nails to cement mixers.
 

conjunctions

après que loc conj (postérieurement à qch) after conj

ainsi que conj (comme) just as conj
Ainsi que je l'avais prévu, il était encore en retard !
Just as I expected, he arrived late again!

ainsi que conj (et aussi) as well as, along with, together with, plus conj
Béatrice a prévu du café ainsi que des mignardises.
Beatrice provided coffee as well as some chocolates.

à condition que (seulement si) provided (that) conj, (formal) on condition that conj

depuis que since


afin de + [infinitif] in order to prep
afin de ne pas + [infinitif] in order not to prep

alors même que conj even though conj

à moins que unless conj

comme conj (de la même façon) like conj
Comme toi, j'aime la musique classique.
Like you, I enjoy classical music.

comme conj (de la même façon que) just as conj,just like conj
C'est incroyable, il ment comme il respire.
It's unbelievable! Lying comes just as easily to him as breathing.
It's unbelievable! Lying is just like breathing to him.

comme conj (ainsi que, et aussi) as well as conj
Tout le monde a dansé, les jeunes comme les vieux.
Everyone danced, young people as well as old.
Everyone danced, young and old alike.

comme conj (en tant que) like conj,as conj
Il a agi comme un bon père de famille.
He acted like a good family man.

comme conj familier (introduit une insistance) just like conj
Alors comme ça tu sors toujours avec lui.
So just like that, you're still going out with him.

comme conj (de la façon que) as conj,like conj
C'est un jeune homme comme il faut.
it is a young man as it should be.

comme conj (puisque, car) as conj,because conj,since conj
Comme j'étais malade, il est venu me voir.
As I was ill, he came to see me.

comme conj (au moment où) as conj,just as conj
Il est arrivé comme je sortais.
He arrived as I was going out.


de façon que so that, such that

de manière que in such a way that

de sorte que loc (pour que) so that conj

jusqu'à ce que conj until
jusqu'à ce que la mort nous sépare till death separate us 

quoique + [subjonctif] conj (bien que) although + [indicative] conj, even if + [indicative], even though + [indicative] conj
Quoique nous soyons en automne, il fait très chaud.
Although it is autumn, it's very warm.

quoique + [subjonctif] conj (indique une réserve) whatever + [indicative] conj
Quoique vous en pensiez, il se trompe souvent.
Whatever you think, he often makes mistakes.

quoique + [adjectif] conj (bien que) although + [adjective] conj
Quoique intelligent, il n'a pas de bonnes notes à l'école.
Although intelligent, he doesn't get good marks at school.

quoique + [indicatif] conj (introduit une objection) even though + [indicative], even if + [indicative] conj,although + [indicative], though + [indicative] conj
Je l'aime beaucoup, quoique parfois il m'énerve.
I like him a lot, even though he annoys me sometimes.

soit ...soit ... conj (marque l'alternative) either... or ... conj
Soit tu pars, soit tu restes, il faudra te décider.
Either you go or you stay; you need to make your mind up.

ni conj (et pas, non plus) neither… nor..., either... or... conj


tandis que loc conj (alors, contrairement à ) whereas, while conj
Tu prends ton café sucré, tandis que je le préfère sans sucre.

tandis que loc conj (en même temps, pendant) while, when conj
Il ne m'a pas entendu, car j'ai sonné tandis qu'il était à la cave.


donc conj (en conséquence) therefore, so conj,hence, consequently conj
Je n'ai rien vu donc je ne peux rien dire.
I didn't see anything, so I can't say anything

donc conj (marque une digression) so then conj
Ainsi donc, vous ne le connaissez pas ?
So then, you don't know him?

car conj (parce que) because conj,(formal, literary) for conj,as conj
Fais attention car il est violent.
Be careful; he's violent.

pourvu que + [subjonctif] provided that, providing that,on condition that

de même que just as, as well as,in the same way as

pendant que loc conj (indique la simultanéité)  (simultaneousness) while, whilst conj
Je me repose pendant qu'il travaille.
I rest while he is working

lorsque conj (au moment où) when conj,as soon as conj
Lorsqu'il arrivera, téléphonez-moi.
When he arrives, call me.
As soon as he arrives, call me.

lorsque conj littéraire (alors que) while conj
Ses amis s'amusaient déjà lorsqu'il n'avait pas encore fini ses devoirs.
His friends were already having fun while he hadn't yet finished his homework.

puisque conj (étant donné que) since, because, as conj
Puisque tous les invités sont partis, je peux fermer le portail.
I can close the gate seeing as all the guests have left.

puisque conj (introduit une justification impatiente) (just) as, (just) like conj
Puisque je te le répète pour la centième fois !
Just like I've told you a hundred times already!

The Spanish imperfect tense

• The Spanish imperfect tense (el imperfecto) is used to describe past habitual actions or to talk about what someone was doing when they were interrupted by something else.

http://www.spanishdict.com/guide/spanish-imperfect-tense-forms

Questions

• Questions

The following questions mean exactly the same thing:
    Does María speak Spanish?
    ¿María habla español?
    ¿Habla María español?
    ¿Habla español María?

Another method of forming questions is to add a tag question to the end of a statement.
    María habla español, ¿no?
    Maria speaks Spanish, doesn’t she?

    María habla español, ¿verdad?
    Maria speaks Spanish, right?


http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/quest

Negation

• Negation

    algo (something)
    nada (nothing)

    alguien (somebody)
    nadie (nobody)

    algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)
    ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)

    siempre (always)
    nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)

    también (also)
    tampoco (neither, not either)

    o . . . o (either . . . or)
    ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)

The negative words can be used alone, preceding the verb.
Él nunca come.
He never eats.

The negative words can also be used with the word “no,” following the verb. Note that unlike English, double negatives are acceptable in Spanish
Él no come nunca.
He never eats.

Unlike English, Spanish does not normally mix negative and affirmative words.
    English
    Maria doesn’t need anything.
    NOT Maria doesn’t need nothing.

    Spanish
    María no necesita nada.
    NOT María no necesita algo.

Alguno and ninguno drop the -o before a masculine singular noun.
    ¿Tienes algún libro?
    No, no tengo ningún libro.

Ninguno(-a) is generally used in the singular.
   ¿Tienes algunas revistas?
    No, no tengo ninguna.

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/neg

Ser and Estar

• Ser and Estar: Part I

Ser and estar can both be translated as “to be.”

    The apple is green.
    (Meaning the apple is not ripe.)

    The apple is green.
    (Meaning the color of the apple is green.)
In the first case, our example speaks of the condition of the apple.
In the second case, our example speaks of the essential characteristics of the apple.


In English, the verb “to be” can be used to tell how something is (the condition) and what something is (the essence).
    How is the apple?
    It is unripe.
    What color is the apple?
    It is green.

In Spanish, a different verb is used to express “to be” depending on whether the speaker intends to address a condition or an essential quality.
    La manzana está verde.
    The apple is green. (condition)

    La manzana es verde.
    The apple is green. (essence)

To address condition, use estar. Estar is an irregular verb. It does not follow the standard rules of conjugation for regular -ar verbs.
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están

To address an essential quality, use ser. Ser is also irregular
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/serest1

• Ser and Estar: Part II

Ser is used to express the hour, day, and date.
¿Qué hora es?
Son las dos.

Ser is used to express place of origin.
¿De dónde eres tú?
Soy de Colombia.

Ser is used to express occupation.
    ¿Cuál es tu trabajo?
    What do you do?
    Soy carpintero
    I’m a carpenter.

Ser is used to express nationality.
¿Es ella puertorriqueña?
Is she Puerto Rican?

Ser is used to express religious or political affiliation
¿Es el gobierno socialista?
Is the government socialist?

Ser is used to express the material something is made of.
    ¿De qué material es la mesa?
    What’s the table made of?
    Es de madera.
    It’s made of wood.

Ser is used to express possession.
    ¿De quién es la pluma?
    Whose pen is it?

    Es de Emilio.
    It’s Emilio’s.

Ser is used to express the relationship of one person to another.

    ¿Quién es Rogelio?
    Who is Roger?

    Es el esposo de Marta.
    He’s Martha’s husband.

Ser is used with certain impersonal expressions.
    Es importante practicar cada día.
    It’s important to practice every day.

Ser is used to tell where an event is taking place.
    La película es en el cine.
    The movie is at the theatre.

Ser is used with adjectives to express inherent, or essential qualities.
    Miguel es un hombre sincero.
    Mike is a sincere man.

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/serest2

• Ser and Estar: Part III

Estar is used to express geographic or physical locations.
    ¿Dónde estás?
    Where are you?

    Estoy en el laboratorio.
    I’m in the laboratory.

    ¿Dónde está Chile?
    Where’s Chile?

Estar is used with adjectives to express a state or condition (“how” something is).
    ¿Cómo está la sopa?
    How’s the soup?

Estar is used with many idiomatic expressions. These are just a few.
estar de acuerdo
    to be in agreement

    Uses of estar
    geographic or physical location
    state or condition
    many idiomatic expressions
    progressive tenses
http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/serest3

• Ser and Estar: Part IV

When the verb “to be” is followed by a noun, the verb ser is always used. In this instance, it might be helpful to think of the verb as equivalent to an “equal” sign, such as a = b. This type of sentence is always referring to essential characteristics, since the verb is “linking” what comes before the verb to what comes after the verb

John is a doctor.
John = doctor.
Juan es médico.


When the verb “to be” is followed by an adjective, the verb used depends upon the meaning. When referring to an essential characteristic, use ser. When referring to a state or condition, use estar.

    La sopa está fría.
    The soup is cold.

    Los elefantes son grandes.
    The elephants are big.

When the verb “to be” is followed by an adjective, the verb can actually change the meaning of the adjective.
    El profesor está aburrido.
    The professor is bored.

    El profesor es aburrido.
    The professor is boring.

Let’s distinguish between origin, location, and “to take place.” To describe origin, or where something is from, use ser. To describe location, or where something is located right now, use estar. To tell where an event is taking place, use ser.
    Mónica es de España. (origin)
    Mónica está en Venezuela. (location)
    La fiesta es en la casa de Mónica. (taking place)

    Ser and estar (contrasting uses)
    When a noun follows the verb, use ser
    When an adjective follows the verb, decide between “essence” and “condition”
    To tell where something is from, use ser
    To tell where something is located right now, use estar
    To tell where an event is taking place, use ser
http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/serest4

Spanish Adjectives

• Spanish Adjectives: Part I

most adjectives change form, depending upon whether the word they modify is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference between “the tall boy” and “the tall girl.”
    el chico alto
    la chica alta

Adjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they modify is singular or plural. Notice the difference between “the tall boy” and “the tall boys” ; “the tall girl” and “the tall girls.”
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these adjectives are similar

    el chico alto
    los chicos altos

Adjectives that end in -e also change form for singular or plural. To form the plural, simply add -s.
la chica inteligente
las chicas inteligentes

Adjectives that end in -e do not, however, change form for masculine or feminine
la chica inteligente
el chico inteligente

most adjectives that end in a consonant do change form for singular or plural, but do not change for masculine or feminine. To form the plural, add -es.

    la chica popular
    el chico popular

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/adj1

• Adjectives: Part II

Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These adjectives follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four forms.

    el muchacho mexicano
    la muchacha mexicana

    los muchachos mexicanos
    las muchachas mexicanas

Many other adjectives of nationality end in a consonant.
    el muchacho español
    la muchacha española

    los muchachos españoles
    las muchachas españolas


There is another group of adjectives that does not follow the normal rules. Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine form
el chico hablador
la chica habladora

los chicos habladores
las chicas habladoras

Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
    el chico alto

Adjectives of quantity almost always come before the noun. Such adjectives tell how much or how many.
    pocos libros

Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede the noun. If the adjective is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
    la blanca nieve
    the white snow (snow is inherently white)


http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/adj2

Regular Verbs

• Regular Verbs: Part I

There are three categories of verbs:

    -ar verbs (like hablar)
    -er verbs (like comer)
    -ir verbs (like vivir)


hablar – to speak
yo hablo
    I speak
usted habla
    you speak
nosotros/as hablamos
    we speak
ustedes hablan
    you-all speak

comer – to eat
yo como
    I eat
usted come
    you eat
nosotros/as comemos
    we eat
ustedes comen
    you-all eat


vivir – to live
yo vivo
    I live
usted vive
    you live
nosotros/as vivimos
    we live
ustedes viven
    you-all live

Present tense (indicative) in Spanish means three things.

    Yo hablo inglés:

    I speak English.
    I do speak English.
    I am speaking English.

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/regverb1

• Regular Verbs: Part II

hablar
tú hablas
    you (familiar) speak
él habla
    he speaks
ella habla
    she speaks
vosotros/as habláis
    you-all (familiar) speak
ellos/ellas hablan
    they speak

comer
tú comes
    you (familiar) eat
él come
    he eats
ella come
    she eats
vosotros/as coméis
    you-all (familiar) eat
ellos/ellas comen
    they eat

vivir
tú vives
    you (familiar) live
él vive
    he lives
ella vive
    she lives
vosotros/as vivís
    you-all (familiar) live
ellos/ellas viven
    they live


http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/regverb2

• Regular Verbs: Part III

To conjugate -ar verbs, drop the ending and add:
    -o
    -as
    -a
    -amos
    -áis
    -an

To conjugate -er verbs, drop the ending and add:
    -o
    -es
    -e
    -emos
    -éis
    -en

To conjugate -ir verbs, drop the ending and add:
    -o
    -es
    -e
    -imos
    -ís
    -en

In Spanish the subject pronouns are not always required. This is because the verb endings can indicate who is performing the action.
Hablo español. (Yo is not necessary.)
I speak Spanish.

Subject pronouns are often used for clarification. For example, the verb form habla is ambiguous.
    Ud. habla
    él habla
    ella habla

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/regverb3

Subject Pronouns

• Subject Pronouns

yo
    I
usted
    you
él
    he
ella
    she
nosotros
    we
ustedes
    you-all
ellos
    they

Speaking to your teacher: usted
Speaking to your friend: tú

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/subpro

The Verb Form "hay"

• The Verb Form "hay"

    Hay muchos libros en la biblioteca.
    There are many books in the library.

    Hay un libro encima de la mesa.
    There is a book on the table.


    ¿Hay un hotel en el centro?
    Is there a hotel downtown?

    ¿Hay algunos libros por aquí?
    Are there any books around here?

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/hay

Definite and Indefinite Articles

• Definite and Indefinite Articles: Part I

the definite article has 4 forms, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural.
el gato
    the male cat
los gatos
    the male cats
la gata
    the female cat
las gatas
    the female cats

The masculine plural definite and indefinite articles (los, unos) are also used to indicate a group of mixed sex. Thus, “los gatos” could refer to a group of 10 male cats, or it could refer to a group of 9 female cats and one male cat.


the indefinite article has 4 forms, depending on whether the
noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural.
un gato
    a male cat
unos gatos
    some male cats
una gata
    a female cat
unas gatas
    some female cats

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/defart1

Plural Forms of Nouns

• Plural Forms of Nouns

If a noun ends in a vowel, make it plural by adding -s.

libro: libros
    (libro + s)

The definite articles (el, la) also change in the plural form. They become “los” and “las.”

If a noun ends in a consonant, make it plural by adding -es.
la universidad: las universidades
    (universidad + es)
el profesor: los profesores
    (profesor + es)

If a noun ends in -ión, add -es and drop the written accent.
el avión: los aviones
la conversación: las conversaciones


If a noun ends in -z, add -es and change the z to c.
la voz: las voces
la actriz: las actrices

When the plural refers to two or more nouns of different genders, the masculine plural is used.
1 gato + 8 gatas = 9 gatos (not gatas)

These compound nouns are always masculine, and the plural is formed by changing the “el” to “los.”
el abrelatas
los abrelatas

http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/plnoun

Gender of Nouns

• Gender of Nouns: Part I

In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine.
Masculine Feminine
el chico la chica

“El” and “la” both mean “the.”
These two words (el, la) are called “definite articles.”
Nouns that end in -o are usually masculine. Nouns that end in -a are usually feminine. Notice the word usually! There are exceptions to these two rules and you will soon be learning them.
One cannot predict the gender of a noun that stands for a non-living thing.
http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/genoun1

• Gender of Nouns: Part II

Masculine nouns that end in a consonant often have a corresponding feminine form that ends in -a.
el profesor
la profesora

Some nouns that refer to people use the same form for both masculine and feminine. These nouns indicate gender by the article (el or la).
el estudiante
la estudiante

Nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre are feminine.
la decisión
la habitación
la ciudad
la libertad
la gratitud
la certidumbre


Some nouns that end in -a are masculine.
el problema


Many nouns that end in -ma are masculine
el sistema


http://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/genoun2